Abstract : To better understand the Algerian olive heritage, determine the phenotypic diversity of olive trees, and test the discriminative power of various descriptors, an identification of nine native cultivars (Selti, Sigoise, Bouchouk Sidi Aich, Bouchouk Guergour, Chamlel, Azerradj, Blanquette de Guelma, Hamra, and Bouchouka) was conducted within the olive collection of the Institute of Fruit Trees and Vine (IFTV) in the Emdjez Edchiche region of Skikda Province in northeastern Algeria. A descriptive sheet was prepared using 28 morphological descriptors of different parts of the tree leaves, drupes, and kernels according to the recommendations of the International Olive Council (IOC, 1997), along with the calculation of the Shannon-Weaver diversity index. One way analysis of variance revealed highly significant differences for all variables. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Hierarchical Ascendant Clustering (HAC) allowed us to classify the cultivars into four groups based on their phenotypic affinity (group 1 of Chemlal, group 2 of Serti and Blanquette de Guelma, group 3 of Hamra and Bouchouk, and group 4 of Sigoise, Bouchouk Sidi Aich, Bouchouk Guergour, and Azerradj). The value of relative diversity for all traits showed significant diversity for most of the studied traits (J = 0.64). The initial results indicate that nine quantitative descriptors related to drupe size and seven other qualitative descriptors of the endocarp were the most discriminative. The studied morphological descriptors revealed significant morphological polymorphism in the sample of cultivars studied, with a high discriminative capacity, particularly those related to drupes and kernels. Thus, all cultivars were identified with different morphological traits, proving their usefulness as a tool for primary identification and classification.